China and Machiavellis element of power and authority

Introduction Political power can be basically described as the ability of one person to influence another to do something1. Many past and present scholars have written theories describing different forms of power. Machiavelli produced political writings in the Roman republic during the 16th century2. In his writings, he adopted the Weber’s definition of politics that describes struggle as being the essence of politics.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on China and Machiavelli’s element of power and authority specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Machiavelli describes politics in his writing, The Prince, which envisions the United National State in times when there were unending struggles for power3. The story elicits a social conflict and the notion of â€Å"who is fighting whom† to gain control and the ways being used to maintain the control4. According to Machiavelli, love and fear are necessary to maintain the power, with fear playing a greater role. What comes out is that an authority can remain in power when the middle class and the Citizens support and favor their ruling. The preferences of power as expressed in Machiavelli’s theory can be witnessed in contemporary political systems. This paper is interested in identifying how Machiavelli’s theory applies to the political situation in China. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is currently facing inevitable political and economic changes. The country is shifting from strict socialism to socialist-capitalistic market economy. The paper will specifically address the in-depth correlation of Machiavelli’s power theory with China. The analysis will include the steps that should be taken by the Chinese regime to sustain their political power. China political situation The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has ruled the country for more than six decades, a longevity that can only be compared to that of th e Communist party of the Soviet Union5. The CCP came to power in 1949 after defeating the forces of Chiang Kai- shek Nationalists in a civil war. The Chiang Kai-shek moved their republic of China seats to Taiwan, leaving the CCP to rule mainland of China. The CCP later named the country as People’s Republic of China (PRC). Since then, China’s political institutions and political culture have changed significantly6. The CCP’s readiness to adapt can be partly used to explain why it has maintained control on power. The various strategies employed by the CCP can be referred to Machiavelli’s political theory.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many analysts consider the Chinese political system to be monolithic or hierarchical, even though the CCP is committed to holding onto power and does not tolerate those who question right to remain in power7. Currentl y there are several instances where conflicts arise between institutional leaders, particularly those representing different sets of agenda. Fierce differences are being witnessed even among the nine members of the Politburo Standing committee and the 25- member Politburo8. The two represent the highest decision making organs in China. Competition and conflicts also exist among different ministries; between ministries and provincial administrations, which are bureaucratically ranked equal; between different provinces; and between the various service units of the military. It is common when the military disagree with the foreign ministry. On various occasions, the delegates of the National People’s Congress (Weak legislature) try to track back on the government’s decisions, the courts and the prosecutor’s office9. This can be depicted as modest forms of political pluralization that are beginning to take place in China. Moreover, there are other political actors w ho are increasingly influence policy debates. Such actors are now able to join forces and push for a particular cause, they include an increasingly independent media, both private and state owned corporations, official and quasi-official research institutes, officially sponsored societies and associations, universities, and grassroots and non-governmental organizations10. Historically, a political system is usually tested by the ability to manage political transitions. The CPC will hold its 18th National congress later in the year and it is expected to appoint new leadership11. Xi Jinping currently holds the fifth position in the party’s official rank and is expected to assume the position of CPC’s generally secretary from Hu Jintao, who is going into retirement12. The CPC has done all it could to portray the transition as a routine practice that cannot be avoided. Historically, only two transitions were relatively incident free. The first was from Deng Xiaoping who ca n be identified as China’s last supreme leader, to a collective leadership led by a party general, Jiang Zemin, following Xiaoping’s death13. The second peaceful transition was from Jiang Zemin to Hu Jintao in the year 2002.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on China and Machiavelli’s element of power and authority specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This year’s transition particularly tricky mainly due to the challenge posed by the ousted of CPC Politburo member and Chongqing Municipality party secretary Bo Xilai14. Bo Xilai represents a potentially serious rift in the CPC’s leadership, it has raised concerns about the unity of other Poliburo leaders, and, as due to his association with senior officials in the military, raised concerns regarding the loyalty of sections of the military to CPC’s inner circle. Analysts from within and outside China doubt whether the current Chines e political system can remain viable in the long-term, especially in regard to the perceived black box leadership politics, all powerful party, and constrained civil society and free speech rights15. The outgoing premier, Wen Jiabao has expressed the need for political reforms in China, including reform in the leadership style. He has warned that without proper political reforms, the country cannot undertake structural economic reforms. Many other analysts have raised concerns regarding China’s risk of losing the developments gained through a cultural revolution if urgent steps are not taken to resolve fundamental political issues. Analysis of China’s political system’s consistency with Machiavelli’s theory As described earlier, Machiavelli’s theory mainly pertains to the strategies advanced by the ruling class in their bid to create a unified state. This, according to him, is an important step in the creation of a stable republican system. He obse rves that authority can remain in power as long as the middle class and other citizens provide support to their ruling. In the description of the political situation in China provided above, it is evident that the ruling party (CPC) is in tricky situation due to a looming loss of support from the middle class and other citizens16. The collective leadership that is currently practiced by the CPC was a strategic move, consistent with Machiavelli’s theory to consolidate support from majority of the Chinese people. The system was specifically designed against the excesses that might occur when power is taken by one person. It was meant to prevent a repeat of events that were witnessed during the era of PRC’s founding father Mao Zedong.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also guards against the emergence of figures such as Mikhail Gorbachev, who was largely blamed by the Chinese for the collapse of the Soviet Union17. The collective leadership has fostered the unit through consensus building. This partially explains why the party usually slowly responds to events that spill into the public domain. For instance, in case of the disgraced former party secretary of Chongqing, Bo Xilai, the need for consensus may offer an explanation as to why, after his deputy attracted international headlines for seeking asylum at a United States diplomatic mission in February 2012, the party took six weeks to remove Bo from the office, and a further four weeks to relieve the party position he held18. The transition that will come at the end of the year will provide a real test to the willingness of the Chinese Citizens to continue offering support to the current political system. The 18th National congress of the CPC will see major replacements in the three most im portant bodies in the leadership of China. The â€Å"Politburo Standing Committee, the State Council, and the central Military Commission are required to replace about three quarters of their members due to age and other factors†19. The country’s principle institutions that are directly responsible for the political affairs, economic administration, military operations and foreign policy will be largely made of new officials. In consistent with Machiavelli’s theory of power and politics they new leadership may still enjoy popular support from Chinese citizens due to its large number of newcomers. However, in the cause of the next two years or so the watching community will pay attention to the policies of the new leaders, particularly the successors of the PRC president, Hu Jintao and the premier Wen Jiaboa 20 For the larger international business community, a proper assessment of the coming political changes in China is needed in the planning of future engageme nts with the country. In a bid to maintain its popularity among the country’s citizens, the CPC has made some important changes regarding policy and politics in the country. The country has witnessed an improvement in the access to information. There are various sources of information available on the internet even in regard to the military affairs. Various Chinese websites freely provide extensive information on the people’s liberation Army (PLA) activities including detailed information on the backgrounds of its officers, military strategies, development objectives and weapons21. Other mechanisms have also been advanced to suppress popular uprising against the CPC in the PRC. No legal political opposition groups exist in the country as it is principally run by the CPC. There are also political parties that are called democratic. These parties are known to take part in the People’s Political Consultative conferences. However, they are mostly known to endorse po licies outlined by the CPC. There country has witnessed to move toward liberalization by allowing Congress elections to be held in villages and towns22. As described by Machiavelli’s theory, the CPC constantly enforces its rule by suppressing political dissidents while at the same time trying to reduce dissent through economic growth and allowing people to express the grievances provided they are not affiliated to any organization23. Challenges however still exist in the CPC’s endeavor to maintain an absolute control of the affairs of the country. For instance, one of the main political concerns touch upon such issues as gap between the poor and corruption within government ranks24. The extent to which the CPC enjoys support from the public is not clear due the fact that the CPC dominates all the national elections, additionally, there are no opposition parties25. Candidates who run on independent tickets are too scattered and disorganized to provide any considerable c hallenge to the CPC. An independent study carried out in Hong Kong, an area that enjoys higher levels freedom, revealed that current CPC leaders enjoy significant levels of support. Conclusion and recommendations This paper sought to identify how Machiavelli’s theory applies to the political situation in China. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is currently facing inevitable political and economic changes. The country is shifting from strict socialism to socialist-capitalistic market economy. The paper has specifically evaluated the in-depth correlation of Machiavelli’s power theory with China’s regime. The analysis has revealed that China is at cross roads due to the major political changes that will be made later in the year. However, in consistent with Machiavelli’s theory, the ruling party (CPC) has taken necessary steps to ensure that it continues to enjoy support from Chinese Citizens26. The political future of the country is however uncer tain as analysts continue to cast a pale shadow on the viability of the CPC’s political system. Thus, as much as there are no significant threats in the short term, steps should be taken to ensure that future governments continue to enjoy support from the citizens. This may include a move towards democratization, reduction in corruption cases within government ranks and reduction of the gap between the poor and the rich27. Bibliography Bonner, Preston. A battle of politics :Machiavelli Vs Marx. 2011. Accessed from http://prestonbonner.hubpages.com/hub/A-Battle-of-Politics-Machiavelli-vs-Marx. Chang, Eddy. Perseverance will pay off at the UN. Taipei: Taipei Times, 2004. Dana, Dillon, and John Tkacik. â€Å"China’s Quest for Asia.† Policy Review, 134 (2006): 12-18. Holler, Manfred J., Niccolo Machiavelli on Power.† in Perspective in Moral Science, 2009, ed. M. Baurmann B. Lahno, 335–354. http://www.rmm-journal.de/ Lawrence, Susan. Understanding China ’s Political System. Washington D.C: Congressional Research Service, 2012. Li, Cheng. New Challenges in Predicting China’s Upcoming Political Succession. Accessed from https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/1011/commentary.html. Nurmi, H. â€Å"Measurement of Power, Probabilities, and Alternative Models of Man.† Quality and Quantity, (2009): 33-46. Skinner, Q. The Paradoxes of Political Liberty, The Tanner Lectures on Human Values,. Harvard: Harvard Universty Press, 1994. Xingzu, Pu. The State Military System in The Political System of the People’s Republic of China. Shangai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2005. Yang, Dali. Remarking the Chinese Leviathan. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. Footnotes 1 Preston Bonner, A battle of politics :Machiavelli Vs Marx. 2011. Accessed from http://prestonbonner.hubpages.com/hub/A-Battle-of-Politics-Machiavelli-vs-Marx 2 Manfred J. Holler, â€Å"Niccolo Machiavelli on Power.† in Perspec tive in Moral Science, 2009, ed. M. Baurmann B. Lahno, 335–354. http://www.rmm-journal.de/ 3 H. Nurmi, â€Å"Measurement of Power, Probabilities, and Alternative Models of Man.† Quality and Quantity, (2009): 33-46. 4 Preston Bonner. A battle of politics :Machiavelli Vs Marx. 2011. Accessed from http://prestonbonner.hubpages.com/hub/A-Battle-of-Politics-Machiavelli-vs-Marx 5 Eddy Chang. Perseverance will pay off at the UN. (Taipei: Taipei Times, 2004). 6 Susan Lawrence. Understanding China’s Political System. (Washington D.C: Congressional Research Service, 2012). 7 Cheng Li. New Challenges in Predicting China’s Upcoming Political Succession. Accessed from 8 Susan Lawrence. Understanding China’s Political System. (Washington D.C: Congressional Research Service, 2012). 9 Dali Yang. Remarking the Chinese Leviathan. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. 10 Li, Cheng. New Challenges in Predicting China’s Upcoming Political Succession. Acces sed from https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/1011/commentary.html. 11 Pu Xingzu. The State Military System in The Political System of the People’s Republic of China. (Shangai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2005). 12. Susan Lawrence. Understanding China’s Political System. (Washington D.C: Congressional Research Service, 2012). 13 Cheng Li. New Challenges in Predicting China’s Upcoming Political Succession. Accessed from https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/1011/commentary.html. 14 Susan Lawrence. Understanding China’s Political System. (Washington D.C: Congressional Research Service, 2012). 15 Cheng Li. New Challenges in Predicting China’s Upcoming Political Succession. Accessed from https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/1011/commentary.html. 16 Q. Skinner, The Paradoxes of Political Liberty, The Tanner Lectures on Human Values,. (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1994). 17 Dali Yang. Remarking the Chinese Leviathan. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004). 18 Susan Lawrence. Understanding China’s Political System. (Washington D.C: Congressional Research Service, 2012). 19 Cheng Li. New Challenges in Predicting China’s Upcoming Political Succession. Accessed from https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/1011/commentary.html 20 Susan Lawrence. Understanding China’s Political System. (Washington D.C: Congressional Research Service, 2012). 21 Pu Xingzu. The State Military System in The Political System of the People’s Republic of China. (Shangai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2005). 22 Li, Cheng. New Challenges in Predicting China’s Upcoming Political Succession. Accessed from https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/1011/commentary.html. 23 Susan Lawrence. Understanding China’s Political System. (Washington D.C: Congressional Research Service, 2012). 24 Dana Dillon, and John Tkacik. â€Å"China’s Quest for Asia.† Policy Review, 134 (2006): 12-18. 25 H. Nurmi, â€Å"Measurement of Power, Probabilities, and Alternative Models of Man.† Quality and Quantity, (2009): 33-46. 26 Susan Lawrence. Understanding China’s Political System. (Washington D.C: Congressional Research Service, 2012). 27 Cheng Li. New Challenges in Predicting China’s Upcoming Political Succession. Accessed from https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/1011/commentary.html. This essay on China and Machiavelli’s element of power and authority was written and submitted by user Ezra Burch to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Women in My Last Duchess Essay Example

The Women in My Last Duchess Essay Example The Women in My Last Duchess Essay The Women in My Last Duchess Essay The Women in My Last Duchess and La Belle Dame Sans Merci Represent Two Very Different Kinds of Personality. Through a Comparison of Both Poems, Explain What These Differences are and What Effect the Women Have on the Men Around Them. Although two very different poems, there are many similarities as well as differences between My Last Duchess and La Belle Dame Sans Merci. In this essay I am going to compare and contrast the two poems written by Robert Browning (My last Duchess) and John Keats (La belle dame sans merci). I am also going to examine what affect they have upon their lovers and the men around them. There are many noticeable differences between the Duchess and the Belle Dame. Firstly, they both have very different kinds of personality. The Duchess tends to be quite sweet and unprovoking. She is also very unaware of the feelings she generates between her and other men :- The bough of cherries some officious fool broke in the orchard for her. The Duke, to whom she is married to in this case seems to think she is flirtatious in this respect, however, Browning shows us that, although that may seem the case, she is so nai ve that she doesnt realise she is doing that. The character of La Belle Dame is very different. She is very mysterious and powerful. This gives the impression that she may not be real and could, in fact be a fairy. As well as having this powerful side, the woman, or faery as she is called, seems very sinister and inconsiderate. It seems as if she is bewitching any man she finds, under the spell of her desire for a short romance, costing them their life. However, as well as having differences in character, they both have similarities with one another. They are both young and beautiful from what we can tell, and are aware that they appeal to men. They are both flirtatious though it seems the Duchess is far too shy and unaware to realise this. They both, also, appreciate the power and simplicity of nature and not for wealth and status which rules the Dukes thoughts. This is shown in the following quote from La Belle Dame and the quote above from My Last Duchess:- She found me roots of relish sweet and honey wild and manna dew. There are also many differences in what has happened to them both. The Duchess was killed by the Duke mainly for her lack of interest in him and his wealth, possessions and status. The Belle Dame however, simply vanishes, but also seems to be killing off her ex-lovers by bewitching them with her love. The knight who falls under her spell in the poem describes his visions of these ghostly figures from his dreams after meeting this woman :- I saw pale kings and princes too, death pale were they all. The Duchess was also in love with only one man- the Duke (though he thought otherwise), whilst La belle dame fell in love with many. The Belle Dame is very aware of her beauty and uses it as a lethal weapon against any man who ventures near her. The Duchess is completely the opposite though. Being very shy, she doesnt realise her true beauty and appeal to men other than the Duke. Both women, however, have maddening effects on their lovers. The Duchess by making the Duke so jealous of her appeal to other men, that he murders her, and the Belle Dame, by sending the Knight so insane that he simply ventures around the meads alone and palely loitering.

Case study - analysis company's economic issue and expansion of Essay

Case study - analysis company's economic issue and expansion of solution - Essay Example They are the proprietors who take the advantage of their position in ranking to exploit the employees and strain the gains of a firm for their personal gains. One key aspect of these vulture capitalists is that they invest in a firm, shows quick returns but the firm is bound to collapse and as such, the capitalist seizes part or the whole of the assets of the firm. Such is the case as described by John Nichols about the Hostess Brands Inc. These investors then cover up by laying blames on the employees and the workers unions. Hostess Brands Inc, the collapsing maker of Twinkies, Wonder Bread, vast range of snack cakes and other breads is one such a company to have severely been hit by the wave of the unscrupulous vulture capitalists. She has closed her 33 plants around the United States and has now embarked into liquidating the assets in a bid to offset the huge amount of debts outstanding. The company’s employees went on a strike joining the rest of the union’s members over the alleged exploitation by the proprietors and the top management distributions. Neoclassical economists have studied the optimal production of a firm by focusing on distribution of income among other aspects of major importance. This is well illustrated by the analysis of supply and demand and maximization of utility by individuals who are constrained on income matters and the study of firms that are constrained in terms of costs. According to the proponents of the neoclassical thoughts, people are always rational in thinking, and have rational preferences when it comes to value based outcomes. It is worth noting that firms maximize profits while persons maximize utility. As regards relevance in information, people act independently. However, according to analysts, individual persons lack competence in negotiations and bargains. This necessitates unions of persons with like interests or grievances. This can explain the formation of the BCTGM, a workers union that serves the hostess workers, however, the workers of the firm did not ask for better pensions as individuals or also through their union and this would better explain that the union was in no way responsible for the crisis. In fact, as a matter of fact, the company employees have a record of good working relations with the proprietors and have had working benefit and wage concessions. Adjustments to new demands in the industry and technological advancements have dominated the firm in the past. Farber defines labor unions associations of workers who bargain collectively and has the employers regarding the terms laid down for employment. The BCTGM was formed to serve the following purposes as is the role of all other labor unions: as a maximizing agent, as a bargaining body for the wages, as an arbitrator in times of conflicts and strikes and basic amongst all the roles, as a determiner of membership (Farber, 2001, 1). Nevertheless, Hostess collapsed as a result of the vulture capitalist’s nature of the management team. The team laid off 20% of the workforce and while the workers bore all the burden of the collapsing corporation, the management engaged more in looting the company’s assets and funds. According to the classical economics, human beings are assumed to be rational and that they make decisions on the best way for personal gains. This explains the nature of the vulture ca

Damage awards should be capped for product liability suits Research Paper

Damage awards should be capped for product liability suits - Research Paper Example This implies that if consumers are injured or suffer because of a product they purchase and use, they should possess a defective products claims. One of the key aspects of a product liability claim is determining the amount and the type of damages that a consumer suffers after using a product. Due to the complexity of determining the compensation, it is imperative for consumers to estimate their damages up front. For instance, if the consumer suffers minor injuries and the financial losses incurred are insignificant, then it implies that it is unnecessary to initiate a claim. In the same way, consumers who suffer fewer damages have a less chance of finding a lawyer as compared to those who incur significant damages. Customers who suffer significant damages are advised to catalog and list the damages at the beginning of their lawsuit (Kinzie and Mark 21). The responsibility for a defective product lies with a manufacturer or anyone who supplied the product. On the part of the manufacturer, he is responsible for producing the product that causes damage to the consumer. In the same way, the initial design of the product may be of poor quality, thus resulting to the defects during the production process. Additionally, poor marketing by the manufacturer, making of misleading claims and lack of providing the correct information regarding the product makes the manufacturer to be responsible for a defective product. Once the products are distributed from the manufacturer to the retailers, the retailer can also be held responsible. It is important to note that if a manufacturer is no longer operating his or her business or it becomes difficult to identify the source of a defective product held by a retailer, consumers can seek for compensation from the retailers. This implies that all the members of the distribution channel have an obligatio n of ensuring that products they handle are safe (Moore and Michael 26). Despite that consumers are the major

International Trade Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Trade Logistics - Essay Example If it is the case of recycling, the process includes what is beyond the final consumer. The international management of logistics involves the movements of goods, services and people also. It depends on the nature of transport. For example, in case of airlines, the movement of people dictates the movement of aircraft and thus the movement of cargo. The movement of the people beyond the borders in search of employment also can be termed as a part of international logistics. This is because they are the human resource for the companies and they move towards the company. Yet times not only the goods, even people move towards the goods. This also can be considered as logistics operation. If the borders of any two nations are peaceful, the people cross the border in search of employment, livelihood and bargains that are unavailable at home. 1 One cannot define to pin point logistics or its systems. At present the logistics is seen as the activities that facilitate the different cycles in the supply chain. They are customer order cycle, the replenishment cycle, the manufacturing cycle, and the procurement cycle. The international logistics involves the movement across the borders of different countries. Naturally the movements between any two countries are complex in nature when compared to domestic movements. These movements when involve ships need to move through port and being at sea is time consuming. Some companies and people prefer this because this is the cheapest mode of transport. When the time taken for the transport is more, the differences between the time zones will make the movements a bit complex. The documentation required for the international shipping adds to the complex nature of the movements through ships. The documentation required for international movement involves the need of employment of experts regarding the documentation. This is due to the inventory in transit management involved in the transportation. The inventory in place increases the information management complexity and demands of international logistics. The company involved in international business should have an international logistics department that is responsible for the management of communications. The department will plan for the communications, control of the logistics activities. 2 3. International Transportation and Trade Facilitation The international transportation and trade facilitation is facing many challenges due to the explosive growth in trade between the nations. As a result the transportation is being faster and flexible to facilitate trade. This involves the fast moving container ships and improved container handling practices along with intermodal systems. This resulted in privatization of transport and information industries and this is a need for the interna

Ecumenism

Ecumenism Introduction In the following study, the researcher considers the Church teaching that the Holy Spirit invokes a desire within the followers of Christ to unite in one flock under one shepherd. The ways that this call to unity has related to the evangelical mission of the Church is also analysed in the light of this statement. The paper begins with a short reflection on the scriptural vision of unity, and some of the historical dilemmas which have damaged that unity. The theological issues which are at the heart of the Ecumenical Movement and the ways that the Magisterium of the Catholic Church has responded to these issues are then briefly addressed. Finally, some of the practical ways that the whole Church can work for unity are discussed. Church Unity and Division In the Gospel of John (17:20-26) Jesus prays that the witness and unity of the apostles would foster faith in his mission, and that the Church of believers would be united. He gives the Blessed Trinity as the perfect model of unity where he says: May they all be one, just as, Father you are in me and I am in you (Jn 17:21). St Paul emphasises the need to break down the barriers to unity that were prevalent in the early Church, when he wrote in his letter to the Galatians that no distinctions should be made between human beings regardless of gender, race or status in life, because all people are one in Christ Jesus (Gal 3:28-29). In the Great Commission given at the close of Matthews Gospel, the apostles are commanded to go out and make disciples of all nations (Mt 28:16-20). Nonetheless, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (DJ 2) states that although the Church has carried out this mandate over the centuries, its mission is far from completion. They offer the words of St P aul as an imperative: Preaching the Gospel is not a reason for me to boast; it is a necessity laid on meNeuner Depuis states that the Church is sent into the world to bring humanity to a unity of faith, hope and love which spans all divisions. However, many issues have caused disagreement and separation amongst Christians down through the ages. For example, heresies like Docetism and Arianism that emerged in the early Church, but were resolved by the Council of Nicaea in 325, to the severing of relations between the Churches of the East and the Church of the West which escalated in 1054, and the sectarian divisions that resulted from the sixteenth century Reformation. These historical and doctrinal differences still prevent full communion amongst all Christians today. Nonetheless, Vatican II expresses a renewed ecclesiology which sees its approach to ecumenism in a different light. It no longer takes the view that all believers must become Catholic, but instead starts from the divi ne plan for humanity, and looks to develop areas of commonalityThe Second Vatican Council (LG 15) recognises the number of differences in dogma and tradition which exist between Christians, but also knows that all believers are joined in many ways through baptism. The Apostolate teaches that all Christians are united in a real sense to the Catholic Church through the gifts and graces of the Holy Spirit who: stirs up desires and actions in all Christs disciples in order that all may be peacefully united, as Christ ordained in one flock under one shepherd'(LG 15). Whilst it is difficult to imagine that all Christians will ever see themselves as being united under one flock, there are many things which they have in common and have the potential to bring them together. For example, there are those who believe in the Trinitarian God, honour the sacred scriptures, and have a devotion to Our Lady. Furthermore, the Catholic Church is working as part of the ecumenical movement to foster good relations with other churches and ecclesiological communities. The Ecumenical Movement Hulmes (2002, p.18) suggests that although it is believed that the ecumenical movement began in the twentieth century, it has a history that reaches back to very beginnings of Christianity. A number of disagreements developed about the mission and nature of Christ as the Gospel spread throughout the Roman Empire. The ecumenical movement could be seen as a reaction to anything that threatened unity amongst the newly baptised. Evidence to support this claim can be found in various scriptural passages. For example, St Paul warned the Corinthians about the dangers of allowing rivalry and jealousy to develop amongst them (1 Cor 3:1-5). There were also problems between Jewish and Gentile Christians regarding circumcision (Acts 15:1-2). Nonetheless, this matter was raised and resolved at the Council of Jerusalem (circa AD 49). In Peters address in the house of Cornelius, he makes it clear that no distinction is made by Christ between Jew and Gentile, as long as they follow his teachings.Hul mes (2002, p.7) states that the scandal of the division that exists amongst the baptised, weakens the impact Christianity has on the secularised world. Nonetheless, this disaster has been reduced somewhat by the ecumenical movement. He also believes that this intra-faith movement has been established because people have listened to the Word of God, and allowed the Holy Spirit to work through them (ibid). Although Catholic involvement in this initiative was limited before the Second Vatican Council, this changed considerably after the promulgation of, Unitatis Redintegratio, the Decree on Ecumenism, in 1964 (ibid 8). This document reflects a considerable development in the Magisterial thinking about the teachings of the Catholic Church, regarding relationships with other Christian denominations (ibid 9). In other words, the Decree on Ecumenism sets out a framework for meaningful and genuine dialogue between the Catholic Church, and other Christian churches and ecclesial communities. The Magisterium (UR 3) teaches that all people who have been baptised are put in some, though imperfect communion with the Catholic Church. However, the differences that exist between the Church of Rome, and these separated brethren in terms of doctrine, discipline and structure, create considerable difficulties. Nonetheless, the ecumenical movement is working continuously to overcome these obstacles. The Sacred Council not only recognises the baptised brothers and sisters of other denominations, but also hopes that one day they will be restored to full and perfect communion with the Catholic Church, to which Our Lord entrusted all the blessings of the New Covenant (ibid). Furthermore, the faithful throughout the world are urged by the Apostolate to participate in the work of ecumenism. They should strive hard through prayer, word and actions to bring about the fullness of unity amongst Christians which is desired by Christ, and is influenced by the Holy Spirit (UR 4). Nonetheless, interior conversion within the Church, involving a renewal of thinking (Eph 4:23) and of attitudes, is required if ecumenism worthy of the name is to be experienced amongst believers.Bliss (2007, p.77) wrote that: there is little doubt that the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church are one in the essentials, although each has developed certain distinguishing features. Vatican II (UR 15) addresses the relative positions of the Eastern Churches, which have maintained valid sacraments and orders, and the Church of Rome. The Magisterium states that the Church of God is built up in stature when the Churches in the East celebrate the Eucharist. The Sacred Council also highlights a number of other liturgical and traditional similarities which exist between the Catholic Church, and the Churches of the East. For example, Eastern Christians honour the Mother of God in hymns of praise, and give homage to the saints, which include the Fathers of the Universal Church. Catholics are encouraged by the Apostolate to avail themselves more often of the spiritual riches of the Eastern Fathers in contemplative prayer. The Decree on Ecumenism also emphasises the importance of preserving the spiritual heritage of the Eastern Churches, and the hope of reconciliation between Christians in the East and West (ibid). This commitment was renewed when Pope Benedict XVI and the Patriarch Bartholomew I, made a joint declaration in Turkey in November, 2006, to continue to works towards achieving full communion.The Second Vatican Council (UR 19) makes particular reference to the churches, and ecclesial communities which were separated from the Apostolic See during the 16th century Reformation. Amongst these is the Anglican Communion, in which some Catholic traditions and institutions sill exist. The Magisterium recognises the desire for peace between all Christians, and hopes that the ecumenical spirit will increase without obstructing the way of divine providence (UR 24). However, there ar e very weighty differences between the Catholic Church, and the breakaway churches of the Reformation. Nonetheless, the desire still exists to find ways that allow meaningful ecumenical dialogue to take place. In the conclusion (UR 24) of the Decree on Ecumenism, the Sacred Council acknowledges that achieving unity amongst all Christians is beyond human power, and places its hope in Christ. Nonetheless, the faithful still have an important role to play in bringing about the healing of historical wounds, and working towards reconciliation (Lk 17:3-4).Bliss (2007, p.1) states that spiritual ecumenism or private prayer for Christian unity (UR 8) was an important prelude to the official entry of the Catholic Church into the ecumenical movement at the Second Vatican Council. Nonetheless, Catholic ministers worked along with clergy from other denominations to promote ecumenical initiatives such as the World Week of Prayer for Christian Unity long before the publication of the Decree on Ec umenism. Bliss (ibid) also believes that prayer is the essential element for all those interested in developing Christian unity today. Cardinal Kasper (2007, p.10) said that it was very significant that Jesus did not express his desire for Church unity in a commandment or teaching, but rather in a prayer to his father in Heaven (Jn 17:20-21). The Cardinal (2007, p.11) also said that prayer for unity is the royal door of ecumenism which enables believers to face hurtful memories courageously, whilst deepening the bonds of communion. Nonetheless, spiritual ecumenism also requires a change of heart and holiness of life that is born out of the call of Christ for conversion (ibid). Hulmes (2002, p.38) suggests that the Catholic Church has not always been as enthusiastic about the promotion of ecumenism as she is today, particularly when it involved other world religions. It was extremely difficult to build good relations with men and women of different beliefs through the Churchs rigorou s application of the extra ecclesiam non est salus (outside the Christian Church there is no salvation) doctrine. Nonetheless, the Second Vatican Council outlined a new approach to inter-faith dialogue in its Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions in 1965. The Sacred Council (Nostra Aetate 2) urges the faithful to engage in dialogue, and collaboration with members of other faiths. Furthermore, it rejects nothing of what is true and holy in these religions. Therefore, Christians should: acknowledge, preserve and encourage the spiritual and moral truths which are held by people of different faiths. Nonetheless, they should not make doctrinal or ethical concessions for the sake of developing easier relations with those of other belief systems. Catholic Church Working for Unity Bliss (2007, p.2) suggests that the Catholic Church has shown a deepening commitment to achieving Christian unity since entering the ecumenical movement. This is demonstrated in the many theological debates which have taken place between the Church of Rome and other churches. A considerable number of magisterial writings have also been issued on the subject of ecumenism. For instance, in 1995 Pope John Paul II (Ut Unum Sint) reiterated the call of the Second Vatican Council for all Christians to unite. He states that the unity of all divided humanity is the will of God, this is why Jesus was sacrificed on Calvary (US 5). He also says that love has the power to bring individuals, and communities into perfect communion (US 21). He gives a reminder that when Christians of different traditions gather in common prayer, they invite Christ himself to be with them: where two or three meet in my name, I am there among them (Mt 18:20). In the same year, John Paul II (Orientale Lumen) also said that it was time for the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church to deepen their level of communion. The Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (PCPCU) contributed significantly to the ecumenical movement with the publication of the Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism in 1993. This Directory (4) was aimed not only at ministers of the Catholic Church, but also at all believers who have been called to pray and work for Christian unity. The Pontifical Council (19) states that Christians should not be satisfied with the divisions or forms of communion that exist within the Church at present, because this disharmony weakens its evangelical mission. Nonetheless, people of faith have been impelled by grace to work towards building a new communion of love through prayer, repentance and by ecumenical dialogue (ibid). The document also recommends that ministers and laity within the Catholic Church, experience ecumenical formation, so that they can play their part in the quest for ecclesial unity (ibid 55). A certain amount of reciprocity is encouraged in the sharing of spiritual activities and resources, for the growth of harmony amongst Christians (ibid 105). The Directory also welcomes the increasing cooperation that is taking place between the Catholic Church and other Church Councils (ibid 167). Nonetheless, participation in these Councils must be compatible with Catholic teachings, and must not obscure its identity (ibid 169) Conclusion In this study, the researcher considers some of the ways that the Churchs call to unity has related to its evangelical mission. It seems that there has been a need to work for unity amongst Christians since the early days of the Church. This is evident from the writings of St Paul (1 Cor 3:1-5) where he calls for the Corinthians to abandon the jealousy and rivalry that was developing amongst them. Nonetheless, a considerable number of schisms and disputes have separated Christians over the centuries. The Ecumenical Movement recognises the need for co-operation and dialogue to take place so that the divisions and wounds of the past can be healed. The Catholic Church has not always been enthusiastic about the ecumenical movement. However, it became more committed to working for Christian unity after the promulgation of the Decree on Ecumenism at the Second Vatican Council. This is demonstrated by the large number writings which Catholic bishops have produced on the subject of ecumenism , and the amount of dialogue which they have entered into with other Churches and ecclesial communities since the Scared Council closed. Furthermore, these discussions have reached beyond the boundaries of those of the Christian faith. The Church also realises the importance of fostering good relations with people of different religions. Finally, it is hard to imagine a world that is united in the same belief. Perhaps the way forward is to make this pilgrimage together hand-in-hand as John Paul II suggested at the Mass in Bellahouston Park in 1982.

The Beauty of Dulce et Decorum est Essay -- Dulce et Decorum Est Essay

The Beauty of Dulce et Decorum est    Owen's terrific use of diction brings the poem Dulce et Decorum Est to life. Vivid imagery is prevalent all throughout the poem. His tone is of depression, lack of hope and of course sadness and it reveals his message without writing pages of verse. He accomplishes his message very quickly in the poem, and makes the reader feel like they are actually experiencing what the narrator is going through. Through vivid imagery and compelling metaphors, the poem gives the reader the exact feeling the author wanted. The poem "Dulce et Decorum Est," an anti-war poem by Wilfred Owen, makes great use of various poetic skills. This poem is very effective because of its excellent manipulation of the mechanical and emotional parts of poetry. Owen's use of exact diction and vivid figurative language emphasizes his point, showing that war is terrible and devastating. Furthermore, the utilization of extremely graphic imagery adds even more to his argument. Through the effective use of all three of these tools, this poem conveys a strong meaning and persuasive argument. The poem's use of excellent diction helps to more clearly define what the author is saying. Words like "guttering", "choking", and "drowning" not only show how the man is suffering, but that he is in terrible pain that no human being should endure. Other words like writhing and froth-corrupted say precisely how the man is being tormented. Moreover, the phrase "blood shod" shows how the troops have been on their feet for days, never resting. Also, the fact that the gassed man was "flung" into the wagon reveals the urgency and occupation with fighting. The only thing they ca... ...orum est pro partria mori" means: "It is sweet and becoming to die for one's country." Owen calls this a lie by using good diction, vivid comparisons, and graphic images to have the reader feel disgusted at what war is capable of.he tries to tell us that war is an ugly, brutal and nightmarish business, and not a glorious affair that society seems to beilieve. Most will not have seen the war of Owen's experience. But through his vivid words, his gruesome portrayal we know that we do not wish to .Poetry does not have to be pretty, however some poets do not seem to realize this fact. The language chosen in many poems about grisly subjects flows beautifully and elegantly from the page, leaving one feeling less pain about the subject matter of the poem than one really should. What is so beautiful about this poem is its ability to move the reader.

Success and Failures of Low-Cost (Rdp) Housing Post- Apatheid.South Africa

Introduction According to Tonkin (2008), low –cost housing is dwelling units whose total housing costs are deemed affordable to a group of people within a specified income range, low cost housing includes social housing and low income housing. In South Africa these houses have been provided through the Reconstruction Development Program (RDP). Since 1994, the government has been implementing this program to address the housing backlog which is continuously increasing. The post-Apartheid has era has been enlightened by different successes and failures of low cost housing.Some of the successes include provision of housing to the poor at affordable rates and failures include that it promotes continuous segregation of people in accordance with economic class and race (Tonkin, 2008). The main purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the successes and failures of low cost housing (RDP). The Successes of Low-Cost housing in Post-Apartheid Low cost housing has brought attentio n of excellence to South Africa by different countries in the world. South Africa has been classified as the world‘s leading country in relation to the provision of houses and its inspiration to eliminate informal settlements.Researchers have suggested that South Africa by 2011 had build-up 2 million houses for the poor. South Africa has been identified on the international arena as a country leading by example in relation to the initiatives it takes to provide low cost housing (Tonkin, 2008). Furthermore, Tonkin (2008) suggests that low-cost housing has managed to provide housing to the poor who could not afford housing on the market. The market forces could not provide for choice and selection for these people to have housing of their preferred choices. Low cost housing has played a role of making equitable selection for those who cannot afford housing.This has helped in improving the living conditions for these poor households. In addition, jobs have been created due to the low cost housing provision process. Low cost housing has played the role of job creation strategy. South Africa has been hit by massive unemployment rates since 1994, which has made most to survive on nothing, due to no shortage of employment opportunities (Tonkin, 2008). Moreover, Tonkin (2008) indicates that the historically black population, which has been supressed by the apartheid system, have been catered for, by low cost housing.Back under the apartheid blacks were not allowed to have accommodation especially in towns. Exclusionary zoning was the ordinance which dominated the housing allocation, favouring those with money and those who are racially deemed acceptable. Low cost housing has been a catalyst in addressing this issue. Lastly, low cost housing has made availability of cheap labour especially in areas, where low cost housing is located near heavy industries. The availability of the labour has made industries to operate on low cost strategies and help them utilize th eir resources more efficiently and effectively.In addition expenses for these industries reduce especially in relation to wage expenses (Tonkin, 2008). Failures of Low-Cost housing in Post-Apartheid On the other hand, Low cost housing has had its failures . One of the failures of low cost housing is that a small number of the population have benefited from the program. In South Africa a larger share of the total population lives in informal self-built houses. In reality low cost housing has failed to benefit large groups of people (Zhang, 2008).To add more, Zhang (2008) clarifies that low cost housing has even made lives of the poor to become more difficult, this is because the (RDP)s have been characterised by the issue of being of low quality. Reports have made variously about their lack of quality by occupiers. Some of the issues raised include that the roofs in some instances are always leaking when it rains, another issue has been of the material used which can be easily get da maged by wind or other elements of nature. Furthermore, low cost housing has been responsible for the failure to link efficiently and effectively people to employment areas (Zhang, 2008).Land near the central business district is mainly expensive, therefore cheaper land is found in the outskirts of towns and that’s where low cost housing is built. This has made people to travel longer distances to their employment areas, eventually people will be forced to fork out large sums of money. Tonkin (2008) has highlighted that most (RDP) houses have become residential dormitories because most beneficiaries choose to rent their homes and move back to informal settlements or other housing closer to work. In addition, Tonkin (2008) suggests that low cost hosing has een unable to create or provide integrated development. Segregation of the poor households still exists and in some racial segregation is also present. Therefore this perpetuates marginalisation of the poor and does not cont ribute to the compaction, integration and restructuring of the apartheid city (Zhang ,2008) This segregation has made South African cities to be identified as some of the least dense cities in the world and eventually in the end low cost housing does not allow mixed housing as an alternative solution.According to Zhang (2008), (RDP) housing in some instances has promoted violent clashes amongst different groups of low cost housing recipients, the main reason is that housing has not been adequately distributed effectively enough to cover the whole section of those who cannot afford it. Housing delivery process has been poor. It is estimated that the 2million+ houses which were built by the government, only offered accommodation to 5 million people out of the total of the total 12million people who have been identified to have no proper housing (Tonkin, 2008).In addition, the major part of the land where the houses for RDP are built was once used as mainly farm land (Zhang, 2008). Pro duction in the agriculture sector has been affected because land as a factor of production has been reduced. Food production has been affected by this move. The country has been forced to go through a lot of expenses to balance this situation. The use of genetically modified technologies which promote quick growth of food crops, in the same time being harmful to the human body have been adopted as options by the government (Tonkin, 2008).Low cost housing has been responsible for this effect in agriculture production. Moreover, low-cost housing has failed to leverage growth in the economy. The main reason is that government has been the main actor alone in the delivery and the private sector has only put in little effort. The Gross Domestic Product has not benefited much from the low cost housing, because of lack of investments and clarifications of the benefits of low cost housing entrepreneurship (Tonkin, 2008).Lastly, low cost housing has not been able to combat crime but rather h as promoted the rate of crime to increase (Zhang 2008). The main reason is that the services within the vicinity of the housing have not been distributed efficiently and effectively . Another cause of crime is that most people are overcrowded and do not have ways to sustain their lives. Statistics in South Africa suggest that areas associated with low cost housing are prone to crime and that’s were the highest crime rates are situated in the country (Tonkin, 2008). ConclusionIn a nutshell, low cost housing has been a controversial issue where it has been characterised by successes and failures. The main drawback which makes RDP housing to be a failure is the legacies of the post-apartheid system which hinder success. RDP housing has been helpful in providing accommodation for the poor and at the same time it has been of low quality making lives even difficult for the users. Reference page Guy, A 2000, The New South Africa, Macmillan Press, London. Tonkin, A 2008, Sustainable Medium Density Housing: A Resource Book, Development Action Group, Cape Town.Tonkin, A & Muthambi, L 2012, ‘’ Challenges for interest groups and their advocacy campaigns: The case of sustainable medium density housing† , in Thuynsma H A (ed. ), Public Opinion and Interest Groups Politics: South Africa’s Missing Links? , Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria. Watson, V 2002, Change and Community in Spatial Planning: Metropolitan planning in Cape Town under political transition, Routledge, London. Zhang, X Q 2008, Housing Finance System in South Africa, UN-HABITAT, Nairobi. Success and Failures of Low-Cost (Rdp) Housing Post- Apatheid.South Africa Introduction According to Tonkin (2008), low –cost housing is dwelling units whose total housing costs are deemed affordable to a group of people within a specified income range, low cost housing includes social housing and low income housing. In South Africa these houses have been provided through the Reconstruction Development Program (RDP). Since 1994, the government has been implementing this program to address the housing backlog which is continuously increasing. The post-Apartheid has era has been enlightened by different successes and failures of low cost housing.Some of the successes include provision of housing to the poor at affordable rates and failures include that it promotes continuous segregation of people in accordance with economic class and race (Tonkin, 2008). The main purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the successes and failures of low cost housing (RDP). The Successes of Low-Cost housing in Post-Apartheid Low cost housing has brought attentio n of excellence to South Africa by different countries in the world. South Africa has been classified as the world‘s leading country in relation to the provision of houses and its inspiration to eliminate informal settlements.Researchers have suggested that South Africa by 2011 had build-up 2 million houses for the poor. South Africa has been identified on the international arena as a country leading by example in relation to the initiatives it takes to provide low cost housing (Tonkin, 2008). Furthermore, Tonkin (2008) suggests that low-cost housing has managed to provide housing to the poor who could not afford housing on the market. The market forces could not provide for choice and selection for these people to have housing of their preferred choices. Low cost housing has played a role of making equitable selection for those who cannot afford housing.This has helped in improving the living conditions for these poor households. In addition, jobs have been created due to the low cost housing provision process. Low cost housing has played the role of job creation strategy. South Africa has been hit by massive unemployment rates since 1994, which has made most to survive on nothing, due to no shortage of employment opportunities (Tonkin, 2008). Moreover, Tonkin (2008) indicates that the historically black population, which has been supressed by the apartheid system, have been catered for, by low cost housing.Back under the apartheid blacks were not allowed to have accommodation especially in towns. Exclusionary zoning was the ordinance which dominated the housing allocation, favouring those with money and those who are racially deemed acceptable. Low cost housing has been a catalyst in addressing this issue. Lastly, low cost housing has made availability of cheap labour especially in areas, where low cost housing is located near heavy industries. The availability of the labour has made industries to operate on low cost strategies and help them utilize th eir resources more efficiently and effectively.In addition expenses for these industries reduce especially in relation to wage expenses (Tonkin, 2008). Failures of Low-Cost housing in Post-Apartheid On the other hand, Low cost housing has had its failures . One of the failures of low cost housing is that a small number of the population have benefited from the program. In South Africa a larger share of the total population lives in informal self-built houses. In reality low cost housing has failed to benefit large groups of people (Zhang, 2008).To add more, Zhang (2008) clarifies that low cost housing has even made lives of the poor to become more difficult, this is because the (RDP)s have been characterised by the issue of being of low quality. Reports have made variously about their lack of quality by occupiers. Some of the issues raised include that the roofs in some instances are always leaking when it rains, another issue has been of the material used which can be easily get da maged by wind or other elements of nature. Furthermore, low cost housing has been responsible for the failure to link efficiently and effectively people to employment areas (Zhang, 2008).Land near the central business district is mainly expensive, therefore cheaper land is found in the outskirts of towns and that’s where low cost housing is built. This has made people to travel longer distances to their employment areas, eventually people will be forced to fork out large sums of money. Tonkin (2008) has highlighted that most (RDP) houses have become residential dormitories because most beneficiaries choose to rent their homes and move back to informal settlements or other housing closer to work. In addition, Tonkin (2008) suggests that low cost hosing has een unable to create or provide integrated development. Segregation of the poor households still exists and in some racial segregation is also present. Therefore this perpetuates marginalisation of the poor and does not cont ribute to the compaction, integration and restructuring of the apartheid city (Zhang ,2008) This segregation has made South African cities to be identified as some of the least dense cities in the world and eventually in the end low cost housing does not allow mixed housing as an alternative solution.According to Zhang (2008), (RDP) housing in some instances has promoted violent clashes amongst different groups of low cost housing recipients, the main reason is that housing has not been adequately distributed effectively enough to cover the whole section of those who cannot afford it. Housing delivery process has been poor. It is estimated that the 2million+ houses which were built by the government, only offered accommodation to 5 million people out of the total of the total 12million people who have been identified to have no proper housing (Tonkin, 2008).In addition, the major part of the land where the houses for RDP are built was once used as mainly farm land (Zhang, 2008). Pro duction in the agriculture sector has been affected because land as a factor of production has been reduced. Food production has been affected by this move. The country has been forced to go through a lot of expenses to balance this situation. The use of genetically modified technologies which promote quick growth of food crops, in the same time being harmful to the human body have been adopted as options by the government (Tonkin, 2008).Low cost housing has been responsible for this effect in agriculture production. Moreover, low-cost housing has failed to leverage growth in the economy. The main reason is that government has been the main actor alone in the delivery and the private sector has only put in little effort. The Gross Domestic Product has not benefited much from the low cost housing, because of lack of investments and clarifications of the benefits of low cost housing entrepreneurship (Tonkin, 2008).Lastly, low cost housing has not been able to combat crime but rather h as promoted the rate of crime to increase (Zhang 2008). The main reason is that the services within the vicinity of the housing have not been distributed efficiently and effectively . Another cause of crime is that most people are overcrowded and do not have ways to sustain their lives. Statistics in South Africa suggest that areas associated with low cost housing are prone to crime and that’s were the highest crime rates are situated in the country (Tonkin, 2008). ConclusionIn a nutshell, low cost housing has been a controversial issue where it has been characterised by successes and failures. The main drawback which makes RDP housing to be a failure is the legacies of the post-apartheid system which hinder success. RDP housing has been helpful in providing accommodation for the poor and at the same time it has been of low quality making lives even difficult for the users. Reference page Guy, A 2000, The New South Africa, Macmillan Press, London. Tonkin, A 2008, Sustainable Medium Density Housing: A Resource Book, Development Action Group, Cape Town.Tonkin, A & Muthambi, L 2012, ‘’ Challenges for interest groups and their advocacy campaigns: The case of sustainable medium density housing† , in Thuynsma H A (ed. ), Public Opinion and Interest Groups Politics: South Africa’s Missing Links? , Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria. Watson, V 2002, Change and Community in Spatial Planning: Metropolitan planning in Cape Town under political transition, Routledge, London. Zhang, X Q 2008, Housing Finance System in South Africa, UN-HABITAT, Nairobi.

Canada Vs. The USA essays

Canada Vs. The USA essays Canadians and American are similar in many ways. Through history, one may notice that the two nations are both of European origin and that many of them speak English. Canada and the US had the longest undefended boarder until recently. We can drive for miles in each others country without any obvious signs that we are in a foreign county, until we come upon a Tim Hortons Donut store or Arco service station or a national flag. However, there are differences. Canadians have been described as American without guns, but with universal health care. This definitely hints at some of our distinctions. Regarding gun control, Americans value their freedom over social stability, whereas Canadians are the opposite. Canadians view universal access to health care as a moral issue for which we are willing to pay additional taxes in order to insure everyone. Americans do not. The American society is much more aggressive and wants all its demands met at its convenience, always pushing and placing a lot of pressure on other countries in order to get what Americans want. On the contrary, Canada is a middleman that negotiates and attempts to make peace with countries to suit Canadas needs. This gives the Americans the stereotype of a Rich bully and Canada as being the Peace Keeping country. Now on the other than international reputations, there are obvious differences between Americans and Canadians. This can be seen in attitudes and national pride. The Americans are overconfident and are always helping themselves to what ever they want as if its their god given right. The Americans also insist that they are the centre of attention, doing anything to be the coolest kid on the block. In view of the facts, Canadians are very polite and just generally nice people. We are not always showing off and trying to get the worlds attention. ...

The Life of George Eliot essays

The Life of George Eliot essays Mary Ann Evans, known better under her pen name of George Eliot, was born on November 22, 1819 in Warwickshire. Her family provided her with strong and severe religious training in her youth. Her father was an agent for a wealthy landowner, so she received an excellent education in private schools and from tutors (World Book, 6: 185). When she reached the age of seventeen, the death of her mother and marriage of her elder sister called her home from school to be her fathers housekeeper. She completed her own education there, working at several languages and music. When Mary Ann was twenty-two she and her father moved to Coventry where she met Charles Bray. Bray had written many philosophical inquiries that challenged the beliefs of Christianity. It was said that the two were introduced so Mary Ann would convert the Brays to the ways of Christianity, but it instead worked the other way. Miss Evans instead became a freethinker and published her first literary work, Leben Jesu, and unorthodox version on the life of Jesus. After her fathers death in 1849, she traveled throughout Europe and later settled in London. She met and fell in love with a married man, George Henry Lewes. Lewes, the philosopher and literary critic, had a wife living whom he could not divorce, but, defying the conventions of the time, Lewes and Miss Evans entered a relationship that was a marriage in all but law (Davenport). The two established a home together, and in the late 1850s, Eliot began to write fiction as a relaxation from more serious literary work. She hid her identity for many years, and even after admitting authorship she continued to use her pen name, for it was better known than her real name. Three successful novels were published before Silas Marner, which was written in 1861. Silas Marner, Adam Bede, Scenes from Clerical Life, and The Mill on the Floss were considered by critics to be her best work, as they all...

Japan's Involvement In World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Japan's Involvement In World War II - Essay Example Japan restored the emperor during the Meiji Restoration in 1868. There was a widespread belief that the emperor was divine and strong sense in Japan of national identity built on the belief of Shintoism, of ancestor worship. During the Meiji Restoration the focus had been on transforming the nation that could compete with west. Lingering memories of Commodore Perry's entry into Japanese waters in 1853 forcing the surrender of the Shogun left a scar on Japan's national consciousness. The emphasis in the years that came were on transforming Japan into a modern nation state with a diversified economy that would not be further humiliated. During the 1920's under the guidance of Liberal Political policies Japan focused on economic growth and experienced an until then unprecedented growth. This growth was curtailed by the world wide Depression late in the decade. In a reaction to the economic hardship and in part keeping with Japan's wish to rise as real world power during the 1930's the government came to be dominated by right wing and nationalist forces, dominated by a military expansionist agenda.

The Christian Coalition of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Christian Coalition of America - Essay Example As such, we work together with Christians of all denominations, as well as with other Americans who agree with our mission and with our ideals. issues that need to be discussed, one in particular which is in regards to the way in which they use their power to affect the government, and this includes what they have been able to do in the past, such as organize elections, change policies, and more. By thoroughly addressing and examining these issues, we will be able to attain a much more informed and knowledgeable understanding on the subject matter at hand. This is what will be dissertated in the following. There are really many different ways in which the Christian Coalition has been able to use their power in order to affect the government, all in an incredibly positive manner. "The Christian Coalition (CC) has two central goals: to control the agenda of the Republican party by working from the grassroots up; and to train and elect pro-family, Christian candidates to public office. The group has had considerable success in both areas, and their impact in state and national elections can be detected through their work during primaries and ability to mobilize Christian conservative voters" (People for the American Way, 2007). They are an organize which does - and always has - strive to strengthen the government and make it more focused on family matters, which is respected not only by Christians, but by people as a whole around the world. The Coalition's strategy actually first attracted attention in the year 1990, when a coalition of right-wing groups led by the Christian Coalition he lped candidates in San Diego win 60 out of 90 races for a variety of offices, and this included such things as school and hospital boards, for instance. As well, the organization, which, through extremely wide dissemination of voter guides, has supported some political candidates and opposed many others and the organization itself was very influential during the 1990s, when it was under the leadership of executive director Ralph Reed. The Coalition uses many different methods in order to get its point across and in order to attempt to positively change the government, and this includes educating, lobbying, and disseminating information through courses, debate forums, lectures, issue voter guides, and scorecards for certain candidates on its issues of concern. The Christian Coalition "was founded on the belief that 'people of faith' have a right and a responsibility to effect social, cultural, and political change in their local communities. Its members denounced promiscuity and what they deemed as individualist, feminist, and judicial excesses, and preferred a larger role for independent groups instead of the federal government. Its goals included strengthening 'family values' by fighting abortions, pornography, homosexuality, bigotry, and religious persecution, and by endorsing prayer in public places such as schools" (Answers, 2007). Although there is much respect for this coalition, there has also been a lot of negativity which has surrounded it, particularly in more recent years, as there are many people who are openly frustrated about the organization. There are